1.介绍
sqlAlchemy是一个基于Python实现的ORM框架。该框架建立在 DB API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简言之便是:将类和对象转换成sql,然后使用数据API执行sql并获取执行结果。
pip3 install sqlalchemy
组成部分:
Engine,框架的引擎
Connection Pooling ,数据库连接池
Dialect,选择连接数据库的DB API种类
Schema/Types,架构和类型
sql Exprression Language,sql表达式语言
sqlAlchemy本身无法操作数据库,其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作,如:
MysqL-Python
MysqL+MysqLdb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
pyMysqL
MysqL+pyMysqL://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
mysql-connector
MysqL+MysqLconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
更多:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
django中如何反向生成models
python manage.py inspectdb > app/models.py
2.简单使用(能创建表,删除表,不能修改表)
1执行原生sql(不常用)
import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
engine = create_engine(
"MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test?charset=utf8",max_overflow=0,# 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5,# 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30,# 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
def task(arg):
conn = engine.raw_connection()
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute(
"select * from app01_book"
)
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result)
cursor.close()
conn.close()
for i in range(20):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=(i,))
t.start()
2 orm使用
models.py
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer,String,Text,ForeignKey,DateTime,UniqueConstraint,Index
Base = declarative_base()
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users' # 数据库表名称
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) # id 主键
name = Column(String(32),index=True,nullable=False) # name列,索引,不可为空
# email = Column(String(32),unique=True)
#datetime.datetime.Now不能加括号,加了括号,以后永远是当前时间
# ctime = Column(DateTime,default=datetime.datetime.Now)
# extra = Column(Text,nullable=True)
__table_args__ = (
# UniqueConstraint('id','name',name='uix_id_name'),#联合唯一
# Index('ix_id_name','email'),#索引
)
def init_db():
"""
根据类创建数据库表
:return:
"""
engine = create_engine(
"MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa?charset=utf8",# 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5,# 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30,# 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
Base.Metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
"""
根据类删除数据库表
:return:
"""
engine = create_engine(
"MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa?charset=utf8",# 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
Base.Metadata.drop_all(engine)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# drop_db()
init_db()
app.py
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Users
#"MysqL+pyMysqL://root@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa"
engine = create_engine("MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa",pool_size=5)
Connection = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# 每次执行数据库操作时,都需要创建一个Connection
con = Connection()
# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="lqz")
con.add(obj1)
# 提交事务
con.commit()
# 关闭session,其实是将连接放回连接池
con.close()
3.一对多关系
class Hobby(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hobby'
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50),default='篮球')
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32),nullable=True)
# hobby指的是tablename而不是类名,uselist=False
hobby_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("hobby.id"))
# 跟数据库无关,不会新增字段,只用于快速链表操作
# 类名,backref用于反向查询
hobby=relationship('Hobby',backref='pers')
4.多对多关系
class Boy2Girl(Base):
__tablename__ = 'boy2girl'
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
girl_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('girl.id'))
boy_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('boy.id'))
class Girl(Base):
__tablename__ = 'girl'
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=False)
class Boy(Base):
__tablename__ = 'boy'
id = Column(Integer,autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(64),nullable=False)
# 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便,放在哪个单表中都可以
girl = relationship('Girl',secondary='boy2girl',backref='boys')
5.操作数据表
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Users
engine = create_engine("MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa",pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# 每次执行数据库操作时,都需要创建一个session
session = Session()
# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="lqz")
session.add(obj1)
# 提交事务
session.commit()
# 关闭session
session.close()
6.基于scoped_session实现线程安全
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
from models import Users
engine = create_engine("MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6",pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
"""
# 线程安全,基于本地线程实现每个线程用同一个session
# 特殊的:scoped_session中有原来方法的Session中的一下方法:
public_methods = (
'__contains__','__iter__','add','add_all','begin','begin_nested','close','commit','connection','delete','execute','expire','expire_all','expunge','expunge_all','flush','get_bind','is_modified','bulk_save_objects','bulk_insert_mappings','bulk_update_mappings','merge','query','refresh','rollback','scalar'
)
"""
#scoped_session类并没有继承Session,但是却又它的所有方法
session = scoped_session(Session)
# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
session.add(obj1)
# 提交事务
session.commit()
# 关闭session
session.close()
7.基本增删查改
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column,Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from db import Users,Hosts
engine = create_engine("MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6",pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# ################ 添加 ################
"""
obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")
session.add(obj1)
session.add_all([
Users(name="lqz"),Users(name="egon"),Hosts(name="c1.com"),])
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 删除 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 修改 ################
"""
#传字典
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "lqz"})
#类似于django的F查询,这个后面必须配合synchronize_session,
#如果是字符串就用False,如果是数字就用#evaluata
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"},synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1},synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 查询 ################
"""
r1 = session.query(Users).all()
#只取age列,把name重命名为xx
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'),Users.age).all()
#filter传的是表达式,filter_by传的是参数
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "lqz").all()
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').all()
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').first()
#:value 和:name 相当于占位符,用params传参数
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224,name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()
#自定义查询sql
r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
"""
#增,删,改都要commit()
session.close()
8.常用操作
# 条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').all()
#表达式,and条件连接
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1,Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1,3),Users.name == 'eric').all()
#注意下划线
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
#~非,除。。外
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,4])).all()
#二次筛选
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_,or_
#or_包裹的都是or条件,and_包裹的都是and条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3,Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2,Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
or_(
Users.id < 2,and_(Users.name == 'eric',Users.id > 3),Users.extra != ""
)).all()
# 通配符,以e开头,不以e开头
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()
# 限制,用于分页,区间
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
# 排序,根据name降序排列(从大到小)
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
#第一个条件重复后,再按第二个条件升序排
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(),Users.id.asc()).all()
# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
#分组之后取最大id,id之和,最小id
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),func.sum(Users.id),func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
#haviing筛选
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()
# 连表(默认用forinkey关联)
ret = session.query(Users,Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
#join表,默认是inner join
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
#isouter=True 外连,表示Person left join Favor,没有右连接,反过来即可
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor,isouter=True).all()
#打印原生sql
aa=session.query(Person).join(Favor,isouter=True)
print(aa)
# 自己指定on条件(连表条件),第二个参数,支持on多个条件,用and_,同上
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor,Person.id==Favor.id,isouter=True).all()
# 组合(了解)UNION 操作符用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集
#union和union all的区别?
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
9.执行原生sql
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column,relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users,pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 查询
# cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
# result = cursor.fetchall()
# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'lqz'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)
session.close()
10.一对多
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column,Hosts,Hobby,Person
engine = create_engine("MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
"""
session.add_all([
Hobby(caption='乒乓球'),Hobby(caption='羽毛球'),Person(name='张三',hobby_id=3),Person(name='李四',hobby_id=4),])
person = Person(name='张九',hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘'))
session.add(person)
#添加二
hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')
hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'),Person(name='博雅')]
session.add(hb)
session.commit()
"""
# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Person).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.hobby.caption)
"""
# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Hobby).first()
print(v.caption)
print(v.pers)
"""
#方式一,自己链表
# person_list=session.query(models.Person.name,models.Hobby.caption).join(models.Hobby,isouter=True).all()
person_list=session.query(models.Person,models.Hobby).join(models.Hobby,isouter=True).all()
for row in person_list:
# print(row.name,row.caption)
print(row[0].name,row[1].caption)
#方式二:通过relationship
person_list=session.query(models.Person).all()
for row in person_list:
print(row.name,row.hobby.caption)
#查询喜欢姑娘的所有人
obj=session.query(models.Hobby).filter(models.Hobby.id==1).first()
persons=obj.pers
print(persons)
session.close()
11.多对多
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sql.models import Girl,Boy,Boy2Girl
engine = create_engine("MysqL+pyMysqL://root:@127.0.0.1:3307/flask-test?charset=utf8",pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
'''
session.add_all([
Girl(name='g_com1'),Girl(name='g2.com1'),Boy(name='A组1'),Boy(name='B组2'),])
session.commit()
s2g = Boy2Girl(girl_id=2,boy_id =2)
session.add(s2g)
session.commit()
gp = Boy(name='C组')
gp.girl = [Girl(name='c3.com'),Girl(name='c4.com')]
session.add(gp)
session.commit()
ser = Girl(name='c6.com')
ser.boys = [Boy(name='F组pp'),Boy(name='G组ll')]
session.add(ser)
session.commit()
'''
"""
# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
'''
v = session.query(Boy).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.girl)
'''
# 使用relationship反向查询
'''
v = session.query(Girl).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.boys)
'''
session.close()
12.其它
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column,relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text,func
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users,Person,Group,Server,Server2Group
engine = create_engine("MysqL+pyMysqL://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 关联子查询:correlate(Group)表示跟Group表做关联,as_scalar相当于对该sql加括号,用于放在后面当子查询
subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()
result = session.query(Group.name,subqry)
"""
SELECT `group`.name AS group_name,(SELECT count(server.id) AS sid
FROM server
WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1
FROM `group`
"""
'''
select * from tb where id in [select id from xxx];
select id,name,#必须保证此次查询只有一个值
(select max(id) from xxx) as mid
from tb
例如,第三个字段只能有一个值
id name mid
1 lqz 1,2 不合理
2 egon 2
'''
'''
成绩表:
id sid cid score
1 1 物理 99
2 1 化学 88
3 2 物理 95
学生表:
id name 每个学生总分数
1 xx 88
2 yy 77
select id,name,(select avr(score) from 成绩表 where 成绩表.sid=学生表.id) as x
from 学生表
subqry = session.query(func.count(成绩表.scort).label("sc")).filter(学生表.id == 成绩表.sid).correlate(学生表).as_scalar()
result = session.query(学生表.name,subqry)
'''
# 原生sql
"""
# 查询
cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
result = cursor.fetchall()
# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)
"""
session.close()
13.Flask-sqlAlchemy
flask和sqlAchemy的管理者,通过他把他们做连接
db = sqlAlchemy()
- 包含配置
- 包含ORM基类
- 包含create_all
- engine
- 创建连接
离线脚本,创建表
详见代码
flask-migrate
python3 manage.py db init 初始化:只执行一次
python3 manage.py db migrate 等同于 makemigartions
python3 manage.py db upgrade 等同于migrate
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