《MysqL学习MysqL的子查询及相关优化学习教程》要点:
本文介绍了MysqL学习MysqL的子查询及相关优化学习教程,希望对您有用。如果有疑问,可以联系我们。
一、子查询
1、where型子查询
(把内层查询结果当作外层查询的比较条件)
MysqL学习
#不用order by 来查询最新的商品 select goods_id,goods_name from goods where goods_id = (select max(goods_id) from goods);
#取出每个栏目下最新的产品(goods_id唯一) select cat_id,goods_id,goods_name from goods where goods_id in(select max(goods_id) from goods group by cat_id);
2、from型子查询
(把内层的查询结果供外层再次查询)
#用子查询查出挂科两门及以上的同学的平均成绩
思路:
MysqL学习
#先查出哪些同学挂科两门以上 select name,count(*) as gk from stu where score < 60 having gk >=2; #以上查询结果,我们只要名字就可以了,所以再取一次名字 select name from (select name,count(*) as gk from stu having gk >=2) as t; #找出这些同学了,那么再计算他们的平均分 select name,avg(score) from stu where name in (select name from (select name,count(*) as gk from stu having gk >=2) as t) group by name;
3、exists型子查询
(把外层查询结果拿到内层,看内层的查询是否成立)
MysqL学习
#查询哪些栏目下有商品,栏目表category,商品表goods select cat_id,cat_name from category where exists(select * from goods where goods.cat_id = category.cat_id);
二、优化
从句式的形式看,子查询分为特殊格式子查询和非特殊格式子查询,特殊格式的子查询中又包括IN、ALL、ANY、SOME、EXISTS等类型的子查询,对于有的类型的子查询,MysqL有的支持优化,有的不支持,具体情况如下.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
示例一,MysqL不支持对EXISTS类型的子查询的优化:MysqL学习
EXISTS类型的相关子查询,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t1.a1= t2.a2 AND t2.a2>10);
+----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,2 warnings (0.00 sec)
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,`test`.`t1`.`a1` AS `a1`,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where exists(/* select#2 */ select 1 from `test`.`t2` where ((`test`.`t1`.`a1` = `test`.`t2`.`a2`) and (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10)) )
从查询执行计划看,子查询存在,MysqL没有进一步做子查询的优化工作.MysqL学习
另外的一个EXISTS类型的相关子查询,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t1.b1= t2.b2 AND t1.a1=10);
+----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,3 warnings (0.02 sec)
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where exists(/* select#2 */ select 1 from `test`.`t2` where ((`test`.`t1`.`b1` = `test`.`t2`.`b2`) and (`test`.`t1`.`a1` = 10)) )
从查询执行计划看,MysqL没有进一步做子查询的优化工作.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
示例二,MysqL不支持对NOT EXISTS类型的子查询的优化:MysqL学习
NOT EXISTS类型的相关子查询,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t1.a1= t2.a2 AND t2.a2>10);
+----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where (not(exists( /* select#2 */ select 1 from `test`.`t2` where ((`test`.`t1`.`a1` = `test`.`t2`.`a2`) and (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10)))) )
从查询执行计划看,MysqL没有进一步做子查询的优化工作.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
另外的一个NOT EXISTS类型的相关子查询,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t1.b1= t2.b2 AND t1.a1=10);
+----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,3 warnings (0.00 sec)
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where (not(exists( /* select#2 */ select 1 from `test`.`t2` where ((`test`.`t1`.`b1` = `test`.`t2`.`b2`) and (`test`.`t1`.`a1` = 10)))) )
从查询执行计划看,MysqL没有进一步做子查询的优化工作.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
示例三,MysqL支持对IN类型的子查询的优化,按也有不支持的情况存在:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 IN (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2>10);
+----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | <subquery2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where; Using join buffer (Block nested Loop) | | 2 | MATERIALIZED | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set,1 warning (0.00 sec)
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` semi join (`test`.`t2`) where ((`test`.`t1`.`a1` = `<subquery2>`.`a2`) and (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10))
从查询执行计划看,表t2被物化后,与表t1执行了半连接(semi join).尽管有“subquery2”这样的内容看起来是子查询,但是表t2已经被上拉到表t1层执行了半连接,所以MysqL支持IN子查询优化为半连接操作.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 IN (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2=10);
+----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | <subquery2> | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where; Using join buffer (Block nested Loop) | | 2 | MATERIALIZED | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set,1 warning (0.02 sec)
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` semi join (`test`.`t2`) where ((`<subquery2>`.`a2` = 10) and (`test`.`t1`.`a1` = 10) and (`test`.`t2`.`a2` = 10))
从查询执行计划看,子查询不存在,表t1和t2直接做了块嵌套循环半连接(Block nested Loop),把子查询上拉到父查询中用嵌套循环半连接完成IN操作.另外,由于子查询上拉,使得增加连接条件“a1=a2”,而原先的条件“a2=10”可以利用常量传递优化技术,使得“a1=a2=10”,所以查询执行计划中,两个索引扫描的条件分别为:a1 = 10、a2 = 10.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 IN (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t1.a1=10);
+----+-------------+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | ALL | Using where; Start temporary | | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | Using where; End temporary; Using join buffer (Block nested Loop)| +----+-------------+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set,2 warnings (0.00 sec)
被查询优化器处理后的语句为:
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` semi join (`test`.`t2`) where ((`test`.`t2`.`a2` = 10) and (`test`.`t1`.`a1` = 10))
从查询执行计划看,子子查询不存在,表t1和t2直接做了块嵌套循环连接(Block nested Loop),但属于半连接操作(semi join),把子查询上拉到父查询中用嵌套循环半连接完成IN操作.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
示例四,MysqL支持对NOT IN类型的子查询的优化MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 NOT IN (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2>10);
+----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where (not(<in_optimizer>( `test`.`t1`.`a1`,`test`.`t1`.`a1` in ( <materialize> (/* select#2 */ select `test`.`t2`.`a2` from `test`.`t2` where (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10) having 1 ),<primary_index_lookup>( `test`.`t1`.`a1` in <temporary table> on <auto_key> where ((`test`.`t1`.`a1` = `materialized-subquery`.`a2`)) ) ) )) )
从查询执行计划看,表t2做了子查询(SUBQUERY).而子查询被物化(materialize).所以,MysqL对于NOT IN子查询采用了物化的优化方式,但不支持子查询的消除.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
另外一个NOT IN非相关子查询,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 NOT IN (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2=10);
+----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`a1` in ( <materialize> (/* select#2 */ select `test`.`t2`.`a2` from `test`.`t2` where (`test`.`t2`.`a2` = 10) having 1 ),<primary_index_lookup>( `test`.`t1`.`a1` in <temporary table> on <auto_key> where ((`test`.`t1`.`a1` = `materialized-subquery`.`a2`)) ) ) )) )
MysqL学习
示例五,MysqL支持对ALL类型的子查询的优化:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 >ALL (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2>10);
+----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where <not>((`test`.`t1`.`a1` <= <max>( /* select#2 */ select `test`.`t2`.`a2` from `test`.`t2` where (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10) ) ))
从查询执行计划看,出现了子查询(SUBQUERY),但是,子查询被“<= <max>”操作符限制,而子查询中的被查询列a2上存在唯一索引,所以可以利用索引求最值,所以MysqL支持“>ALL”式的子查询优化,子查询只被执行一次即可求得最大值.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 =ALL (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2=10);
+----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where <not>(<in_optimizer>( `test`.`t1`.`a1`,<exists>( /* select#2 */ select 1 from `test`.`t2` where ((`test`.`t2`.`a2` = 10) and <if>(outer_field_is_not_null,((<cache>(`test`.`t1`.`a1`) <> 10) or <cache>(isnull(10))),true ) ) having <if>(outer_field_is_not_null,<is_not_null_test>(`test`.`t2`.`a2`),true) ) ))
从查询执行计划看,但是被查询优化器处理后的语句中包含“exists”,这表明MysqL对于“=ALL”式的子查询优化用“EXISTS strategy”方式优化,所以MysqL支持“=ALL”式的子查询优化.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 <ALL (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2=10);
+----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where <not>((`test`.`t1`.`a1` >= <min> (/* select#2 */ select `test`.`t2`.`a2` from `test`.`t2` where (`test`.`t2`.`a2` = 10) ) ))
从查询执行计划看,子查询被“>= <min>”操作符限制,所以MysqL支持“<ALL”式的子查询优化,子查询只被执行一次即可求得最小值.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
示例六,MysqL支持对SOME类型的子查询的优化:MysqL学习
使用了“>SOME”式子的子查询被优化,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 >SOME (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2>10);
+----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,1 warning (0.05 sec)
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where <nop>((`test`.`t1`.`a1` > ( /* select#2 */ select min(`test`.`t2`.`a2`) from `test`.`t2` where (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10) )))
从查询执行计划看,子查询被“min”函数限制,所以MysqL支持“>SOME”式的子查询优化,子查询只被执行一次即可求得最大值.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
使用了“=SOME”式子的子查询被优化,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 =SOME (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2=10);
+----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | <subquery2> | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where; Using join buffer (Block nested Loop) | | 2 | MATERIALIZED | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set,1 warning (0.01 sec)
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,没有出现了子查询,表t2被物化,与表t1进行了半连接.MysqL学习MysqL学习
使用了“<SOME”式子的子查询被优化,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 <SOME (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2=10);+----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where <nop>( ( `test`.`t1`.`a1` < (/* select#2 */ select max(`test`.`t2`.`a2`) from `test`.`t2` where (`test`.`t2`.`a2` = 10) ) ) )从查询执行计划看,子查询被“max”函数限制,所以MysqL支持“<SOME”式的子查询优化,子查询只被执行一次即可求得最大值.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
示例七,MysqL支持对ANY类型的子查询的优化:MysqL学习
使用了“>ANY”式子的子查询被优化,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 >ANY (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2>10);+----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where <nop>( ( `test`.`t1`.`a1` > (/* select#2 */ select min(`test`.`t2`.`a2`) from `test`.`t2` where (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10) ) ) )从查询执行计划看,所以MysqL支持“>ANY”式的子查询优化,子查询只被执行一次即可求得最小值.MysqL学习
MysqL学习
使用了“=ANY”式子的子查询被优化,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 =ANY (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2>10);+----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | <subquery2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where; Using join buffer (Block nested Loop) | | 2 | MATERIALIZED | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+--------------+-------------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set,与表t1进行了半连接.MysqL学习MysqL学习
使用了“<ANY”式子的子查询被优化,查询执行计划如下:MysqL学习
MysqL> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a1 <ANY (SELECT a2 FROM t2 WHERE t2.a2>10);+----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set,`test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1` from `test`.`t1` where <nop>( ( `test`.`t1`.`a1` < (/* select#2 */ select max(`test`.`t2`.`a2`) from `test`.`t2` where (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10) ) ) )从查询执行计划看,所以MysqL支持“<ANY”式的子查询优化,子查询只被执行一次即可求得最大值.MysqL学习
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