参考
平台
Qemu + AArch32（vexpress-ca9）
Linux: Linux-4.14.13
概述
根文件系统采用busyBox的优点是节省空间，缺点是添加一款软件就需要自己找源代码编译，还需要解决依赖关系，费时费力，为了解决这个问题，可以使用ubuntu的arm版本的根文件系统，这样就可以充分利用ubuntu软件仓库里已经做好的众多软件包，并且依赖关系也已经帮我们解决了，安装的方式跟PC机一样，使用apt命令。
正文
启动Qemu的命令如下：
kernel_dir=./Linux-4.14.13 kernel_image=${kernel_dir}/arch/arm/boot/zImage dtb_image=${kernel_dir}/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb sudo qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -m 1024M -smp 4 -kernel ${kernel_image} -nographic -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyAMA0,115200" -net nic,vlan=2 -net tap,vlan=2,ifname=tap2 -sd ./ubuntu_rootfs/ubuntu.img -dtb ${dtb_image}
一、安装Qemu
在Linux PC主机上安装模拟器：
sudo apt-get install qemu-user-static
二、下载和解压 ubuntu-core
先从官方上获取ubuntu core的tar包：http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-base/releases/16.04/release/
选择下载ubuntu-base-16.04-core-armhf.tar.gz，下载完之后，创建临时文件夹并解压根文件系统：
mkdir tmp sudo tar -xf ubuntu-base-16.04-core-armhf.tar.gz -C tmp/
三、修改根文件系统
1、准备网络
sudo cp -b /etc/resolv.conf tmp/etc/resolv.conf
2、准备qemu
cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static tmp/usr/bin/
3、增加软件源
sudo vim tmp/etc/apt/source.list 将下面的两行的注释取消掉： deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial universe deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial universe
4、进入根文件系统进行操作
sudo chroot tmp/
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更新
apt update
apt upgrade
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安装软件包
apt install udev #否则ttyAMA0无法找到 apt install vim #vim编辑器 apt install net-tools #ifconfig，netstat，route，arp等 apt install iputils-ping #ping apt install sudo #sudo命令 #apt install ssh #ssh的client和server apt install ethtool #ethtool命令，显示、修改以太网设置 #apt install wireless-tools #iwconfig等，显示、修改无线设置 apt install ifupdown #ifup，ifdown等工具 #apt install network-manager #Network Manager服务和框架，高级网络管理 apt install iputils-ping #ping和ping6 apt install rsyslog #系统log服务 apt install bash-completion #bash命令行补全 apt install htop #htop工具，交互式进程查看器
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创建用户
pengdl ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.1.1
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设置hostname
设置主机名称： echo "ubuntu-arm">/etc/hostname 设置本机入口ip： echo "127.0.0.1 localhost">>/etc/hosts echo "127.0.1.1 ubuntu-arm">>/etc/hosts
四、制作根文件系统
dd if=/dev/zero of=ubuntu.img bs=1M count=1024 mkfs.ext4 ubuntu.img mkdir mnt sudo mount ubuntu.img mnt sudo cp -rfp tmp/* mnt sudo umount mnt #检查并修复ubuntu.img e2fsck -p -f ubuntu.img
五、测试
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开机：
[ 8.915670] Freeing unused kernel memory: 1024K [ 12.875789] systemd[1]: Failed to insert module ‘autofs4‘: No such file or directory [ 13.486345] systemd[1]: systemd 229 running in system mode. (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 +SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD -IDN) [ 13.497463] systemd[1]: Detected architecture arm. Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS! [ 13.536063] systemd[1]: Set hostname to <ubuntu-arm>. [ 15.590117] systemd-gpt-aut (1023) used greatest stack depth: 4908 bytes left [ 16.987350] systemd[1]: Reached target Swap. ... [ OK ] Found device /dev/ttyAMA0. [ OK ] Reached target Sound Card. [ OK ] Started ifup for eth0. [ OK ] Found device /sys/subsystem/net/devices/eth0. [ OK ] Started LSB: Set the cpu Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand". [ OK ] Started Raise network interfaces. [ OK ] Reached target Network. Starting /etc/rc.local Compatibility... [ OK ] Started /etc/rc.local Compatibility. [ OK ] Started Serial Getty on ttyAMA0. [ OK ] Started Getty on tty5. [ OK ] Started Getty on tty3. [ OK ] Started Getty on tty6. [ OK ] Started Getty on tty2. [ OK ] Started Getty on tty1. [ OK ] Started Getty on tty4. [ OK ] Reached target Login Prompts. [ OK ] Reached target Multi-User System. [ OK ] Reached target Graphical Interface. Starting Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes... [ OK ] Started Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS ubuntu-arm ttyAMA0 ubuntu-arm login: pengdl Password: Last login: Sun Aug 26 16:14:28 UTC 2018 on ttyAMA0 Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.14.13+ armv7l) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ [email protected]:~$ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:12:34:56 inet addr:192.168.1.5 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP broADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:2101 (2.1 KB) TX bytes:296 (296.0 B) Interrupt:31 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) [email protected]-arm:~$ ping www.baidu.com PING www.a.shifen.com (61.135.169.121) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=4.12 ms 64 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=3.71 ms 64 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=3.83 ms ^C --- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted,3 received,0% packet loss,time 2017ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 3.717/3.891/4.125/0.186 ms [email protected]-arm:~$ sudo apt install htop Reading package lists... Done Reading state information... Done Suggested packages: lsof strace The following NEW packages will be installed: htop 0 upgraded,1 newly installed,0 to remove and 51 not upgraded. Need to get 67.7 kB of archives. After this operation,146 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports xenial/universe armhf htop armhf 2.0.1-1 [67.7 kB] Fetched 67.7 kB in 2s (27.0 kB/s) debconf: delaying package configuration,since apt-utils is not installed Selecting prevIoUsly unselected package htop. (Reading database ... 10417 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking htop (2.0.1-1) ..._2.0.1-1_armhf.deb ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.59ubuntu1) ...
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关机：
[email protected]:~$ sudo shutdown -h Now [ OK ] Stopped target Timers. [ OK ] Stopped Daily apt activities. [ OK ] Stopped target System Time Synchronized. [ OK ] Stopped target Graphical Interface. [ OK ] Stopped Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories. [ OK ] Stopped target Multi-User System. [ OK ] Stopped target Login Prompts. Stopping Getty on tty6... Stopping Getty on tty1... Stopping Getty on tty5... Stopping Getty on tty4... [ OK ] Stopped getty on tty2-tty6 if dbus and logind are not available. Stopping Getty on tty2... Stopping Getty on tty3... Stopping LSB: Set the cpu Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand"... [ OK ] Reached target Unmount All Filesystems. [ OK ] Stopped target Sound Card. Stopping Serial Getty on ttyAMA0... [ OK ] Removed slice system-getty.slice. [ OK ] Stopped /etc/rc.local Compatibility. [ OK ] Stopped target Network. Stopping Raise network interfaces... Stopping Permit User Sessions... [ OK ] Removed slice system-serial\x2dgetty.slice. [ OK ] Stopped LSB: Set the cpu Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand". [ OK ] Stopped Permit User Sessions. [ OK ] Stopped target Basic System. [ OK ] Stopped target Paths. [ OK ] Stopped Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch. [ OK ] Stopped dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch. [ OK ] Stopped target Slices. [ OK ] Stopped target System Initialization. [ OK ] Stopped target Encrypted Volumes. [ OK ] Stopped target Swap. Stopping Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown... Stopping Load/Save Random Seed... Stopping Network Time Synchronization... [ OK ] Stopped target Sockets. [ OK ] Stopped target Remote File Systems. [ OK ] Stopped target Remote File Systems (Pre). [ OK ] Stopped Load/Save Random Seed. [ OK ] Stopped Network Time Synchronization. [ OK ] Stopped Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown. [ OK ] Stopped Create Volatile Files and Directories. [ OK ] Stopped Raise network interfaces. [ OK ] Stopped Apply Kernel Variables. [ OK ] Stopped target Local File Systems. [ OK ] Stopped target Local File Systems (Pre). [ OK ] Stopped Create Static Device Nodes in /dev. [ OK ] Stopped Remount Root and Kernel File Systems. [ OK ] Stopped Load Kernel Modules. [ OK ] Reached target Shutdown. [ 385.729940] reboot: Power down sudo brctl delif br0 tap2 sudo tunctl -d tap2 TUNSETIFF: Device or resource busy brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br0 8000.f48e387d73d8 no enp3s0 virbr0 8000.000000000000 yes
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重启：
[email protected]:~$ sudo reboot [sudo] password for pengdl: [ OK ] Stopped target Sound Card. [ OK ] Reached target Unmount All Filesystems. [ OK ] Stopped target Timers. [ OK ] Stopped Daily apt activities. [ OK ] Stopped target System Time Synchronized. [ OK ] Stopped Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories. [ OK ] Stopped target Graphical Interface. [ OK ] Stopped target Multi-User System. Stopping LSB: Set the cpu Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand"... [ OK ] Stopped target Login Prompts. Stopping Getty on tty5... Stopping Getty on tty3... Stopping Getty on tty2... Stopping Getty on tty6... [ OK ] Stopped getty on tty2-tty6 if dbus and logind are not available. Stopping Getty on tty4... Stopping Serial Getty on ttyAMA0... Stopping Getty on tty1... [ OK ] Stopped Getty on tty4. [ OK ] Stopped Serial Getty on ttyAMA0. [ OK ] Stopped Getty on tty2. [ OK ] Removed slice system-serial\x2dgetty.slice. Stopping Permit User Sessions... [ OK ] Removed slice system-getty.slice. [ OK ] Stopped /etc/rc.local Compatibility. [ OK ] Stopped target Network. Stopping Raise network interfaces... [ OK ] Stopped LSB: Set the cpu Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand". [ OK ] Stopped Permit User Sessions. [ OK ] Stopped target Basic System. [ OK ] Stopped target Paths. [ OK ] Stopped Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch. [ OK ] Stopped dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch. [ OK ] Stopped target Sockets. [ OK ] Stopped target Slices. [ OK ] Stopped target System Initialization. Stopping Network Time Synchronization... [ OK ] Stopped target Encrypted Volumes. Stopping Load/Save Random Seed... Stopping Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown... [ OK ] Stopped target Swap. [ OK ] Stopped target Remote File Systems. [ OK ] Stopped target Remote File Systems (Pre). [ OK ] Stopped Network Time Synchronization. [ OK ] Stopped Load/Save Random Seed. [ OK ] Stopped Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown. [ OK ] Stopped Create Volatile Files and Directories. [ OK ] Stopped Raise network interfaces. [ OK ] Stopped Apply Kernel Variables. [ OK ] Stopped Load Kernel Modules. [ OK ] Stopped target Local File Systems. [ OK ] Stopped target Local File Systems (Pre). [ OK ] Stopped Remount Root and Kernel File Systems. [ OK ] Stopped Create Static Device Nodes in /dev. [ OK ] Reached target Shutdown. [ 85.454918] reboot: Restarting system [ 0.000000] Booting Linux on physical cpu 0x0 [ 0.000000] Linux version 4.14.13+ ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.8.3 20140320 (prerelease) (Sourcery CodeBench Lite 2014.05-29)) #11 SMP PREEMPT Thu Apr 5 11:23:40 CST 2018 [ 0.000000] cpu: ARMv7 Processor [410fc090] revision 0 (ARMv7),cr=10c5387d [ 0.000000] cpu: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache,VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache [ 0.000000] OF: fdt: Machine model: V2P-CA9 [ 0.000000] Memory policy: Data cache writealloc [ 0.000000] cma: Reserved 16 MiB at 0x9f000000
未完待续……
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