如何在Xlib中立即更改显示的场景？

分类：编程问答

如何解决如何在Xlib中立即更改显示的场景？

我正在用C语言编写一个简单的游戏，并且我不想使用任何高级库（例如OpenGL）。最烦人的问题是更改显示场景的问题。不久前，有人告诉我您在Windows中使用SwapBuffers()函数。我试图在我的PaintEngine中编写类似的代码，从而产生了以下功能：

ECode PaintEngine_SwapBuffers (PaintEngine PE) {
    PaintEngine_Platform *platform = &(PE->platform);

    XCopyArea (platform->display,platform->pixmap,platform->window,platform->gc,PE->width,PE->height,0);
    return ECode_OK;
}

平台结构定义如下：

typedef struct {
    Display *display;
    int      screen;
    Window   window;
    GC       gc;
    int      depth;
    Colormap colormap;
    Visual  *visual;
    Pixmap   pixmap;
} PaintEngine_Platform;

每次调整窗口大小时，像素图都会更改：

platform->pixmap     = XCreatePixmap (platform->display,XRootWindow(platform->display,platform->screen),platform->depth);

因此，我在像素图上进行了所有绘制，并且在事件处理周期中一次调用了PaintEngine_SwapBuffers（）。

我的问题：

  1. 持续闪烁。一切都闪烁得很明显
  2. 有时候，当我调整窗口大小时，像素图似乎没有被调整大小。

我知道，这种方法可能还可以，问题出在我的PaintEngine的其余部分中，所以这里是完整的代码：

#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
#include <X11/Xlib.h>
#endif

#include <time.h>

extern void *malloc (size_t);
extern void  free   (void *);

// Type definitions

typedef u_int8_t  ECode;
#define           ECode_OK    (char) 0
#define           ECode_ERROR (char) 1
#define           ECode_QUIT  (char) 2

#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)

typedef struct {
    Display *display;
    int      screen;
    Window   window;
    GC       gc;
    int      depth;
    Colormap colormap;
    Visual  *visual;
    Pixmap   pixmap;
} PaintEngine_Platform;

#endif

typedef struct _PaintEngine_Mouse {
    u_int32_t x;
    u_int32_t y;
    u_int32_t x_prev;
    u_int32_t y_prev;
    u_int8_t  press   [5];
    u_int8_t  moves;
} PaintEngine_Mouse;

#define Mouse_Left       0
#define Mouse_Middle     1
#define Mouse_Right      2
#define Mouse_ScrollUp   4
#define Mouse_ScrollDown 5

typedef struct _PaintEngine {
    u_int32_t            width;
    u_int32_t            height;
    u_int32_t            pixel_size;
    u_int8_t             full_screen;
    u_int32_t          (*OnCreate ) (struct _PaintEngine *);
    u_int32_t          (*OnDestroy) (struct _PaintEngine *);
    u_int32_t          (*OnUpdate ) (struct _PaintEngine *,float);
    u_int32_t            active;
    clock_t              t1,t2;
    PaintEngine_Mouse    mouse;

    PaintEngine_Platform platform;

    u_int32_t          (*OnButtonPress)   (struct _PaintEngine *);
    u_int32_t          (*OnMotion)        (struct _PaintEngine *);
    u_int32_t          (*OnButtonRelease) (struct _PaintEngine *);
} *PaintEngine;

PaintEngine PaintEngine_Create          (u_int32_t,u_int32_t,u_int8_t);
ECode       PaintEngine_Start           (PaintEngine);
u_int32_t   PaintEngine_OnCreate        (PaintEngine);
u_int32_t   PaintEngine_OnDestroy       (PaintEngine);
u_int32_t   PaintEngine_OnUpdate        (PaintEngine,float);
ECode       PaintEngine_CreateWindow    (PaintEngine);
u_int32_t   PaintEngine_ProcessCycle    (PaintEngine);
ECode       PaintEngine_ProcessLoop     (PaintEngine);
ECode       PaintEngine_ProcessLoopInit (PaintEngine);
ECode       PaintEngine_CleanUp         (PaintEngine);
void        PaintEngine_ProcessEvents   (PaintEngine);
u_int32_t   PaintEngine_OnButtonPress   (PaintEngine);
u_int32_t   PaintEngine_OnButtonRelease (PaintEngine);
u_int32_t   PaintEngine_OnMotion        (PaintEngine);
ECode       PaintEngine_SwapBuffers     (PaintEngine);
ECode       PaintEngine_ClearWindow     (PaintEngine);

PaintEngine PaintEngine_Create (u_int32_t width,u_int32_t height,u_int32_t pixel_size,u_int8_t full_screen) {

    PaintEngine PE = malloc(sizeof(struct _PaintEngine));

    PE->width           = width;
    PE->height          = height;
    PE->pixel_size      = pixel_size;
    PE->full_screen     = full_screen;
    PE->OnCreate        = PaintEngine_OnCreate;
    PE->OnDestroy       = PaintEngine_OnDestroy;
    PE->OnUpdate        = PaintEngine_OnUpdate;
    
    PE->OnMotion        = PaintEngine_OnMotion;
    PE->OnButtonPress   = PaintEngine_OnButtonPress;
    PE->OnButtonRelease = PaintEngine_OnButtonRelease;

    return PE;
}

#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)

ECode PaintEngine_Start (PaintEngine PE) {
    ECode ecode;
    if ((ecode = PaintEngine_CreateWindow (PE)) != ECode_OK)
        return ecode;
    if ((ecode = PaintEngine_ProcessLoop  (PE)) != ECode_OK)
        return ecode;
    return       PaintEngine_CleanUp      (PE);
}

#endif

u_int32_t PaintEngine_OnCreate        (PaintEngine PE)               { return 1; }
u_int32_t PaintEngine_OnDestroy       (PaintEngine PE)               { return 1; }
u_int32_t PaintEngine_OnUpdate        (PaintEngine PE,float unused) { return 1; }
u_int32_t PaintEngine_OnMotion        (PaintEngine PE)               { return 1; }
u_int32_t PaintEngine_OnButtonPress   (PaintEngine PE)               { return 1; }
u_int32_t PaintEngine_OnButtonRelease (PaintEngine PE)               { return 1; }

#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)

ECode PaintEngine_CreateWindow (PaintEngine PE) {
    PaintEngine_Platform *platform = &(PE->platform);
    XSetWindowAttributes  wa;
    u_int32_t             display_width,display_height;

    XInitThreads();

    platform->display    = XOpenDisplay   (0);
    platform->screen     = DefaultScreen  (platform->display);
    platform->depth      = DefaultDepth   (platform->display,platform->screen);
    platform->visual     = DefaultVisual  (platform->display,platform->screen);
    wa.background_pixel  = XBlackPixel    (platform->display,platform->screen);
    wa.override_redirect = False;
    wa.event_mask        = ExposureMask | KeyPressMask | KeyReleaseMask | ButtonPressMask |
                           ButtonReleaseMask | PointerMotionMask | FocusChangeMask | StructureNotifyMask;

    display_width        = DisplayWidth   (platform->display,platform->screen);
    display_height       = DisplayHeight  (platform->display,platform->screen);

    if (PE->full_screen) {
        PE->width  = DisplayWidth     (platform->display,platform->screen);
        PE->height = DisplayHeight    (platform->display,platform->screen);
    #if defined(__linux__)
        wa.override_redirect = True;
    #endif
    }

    platform->window     = XCreateWindow (platform->display,XRootWindow (platform->display,(display_width  - PE->width)  / 2,(display_height - PE->height) / 2,platform->depth,InputOutput,platform->visual,CWBackPixel | CWEventMask | CWOverrideRedirect,&wa);
    
    XMapWindow (platform->display,platform->window);

//  platform->colormap   = XCreateColormap (platform->display,AllocAll);
    platform->gc         = XCreateGC (platform->display,0);
    platform->pixmap     = XCreatePixmap (platform->display,platform->depth);

    XSetForeground (platform->display,XWhitePixel(platform->display,platform->screen));
    XSetBackground (platform->display,platform->screen));

    XFlush(platform->display);

    return ECode_OK;
}

#endif

ECode PaintEngine_ProcessLoop (PaintEngine PE) {
    PE->active = PE->OnCreate(PE);

    PaintEngine_ProcessLoopInit (PE);

    while (PE->active) {
        while (PE->active)
            PaintEngine_ProcessCycle (PE);
        if (!PE->OnDestroy (PE))
            PE->active = 1;
    }

    PaintEngine_CleanUp (PE);
    
    return ECode_OK;
}

ECode PaintEngine_ProcessLoopInit (PaintEngine PE) {
    int i;
    PE->t1 = clock();
    
    for (i=0; i < 5; i++)
        (PE->mouse).press[i] = 0;
    (PE->mouse).x_prev = 0;
    (PE->mouse).y_prev = 0;

    return ECode_OK;
}

u_int32_t PaintEngine_ProcessCycle (PaintEngine PE) {
    float elapsed_time;

    PE->t2       = clock();
    elapsed_time = (float) (PE->t2 - PE->t1) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
    PE->t1       = PE->t2;

    PaintEngine_ProcessEvents (PE);

    PE->active   = PE->OnUpdate(PE,elapsed_time);
    
//  PaintEngine_ClearWindow(PE);
    PaintEngine_SwapBuffers(PE);

    printf("Here\n");
    return 1;
}
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)


void PaintEngine_ProcessEvents (PaintEngine PE) {
    XEvent event;
    PaintEngine_Platform *platform = &(PE->platform);
    PaintEngine_Mouse    *mouse    = &(PE->mouse);

    while (XPending (platform->display)) {
            XNextEvent (platform->display,&event);
            mouse->moves = 0;

            switch (event.type) {
                case Expose:
                    break;

                case ConfigureNotify:
                    PE->width  = event.xconfigure.x;
                    PE->height = event.xconfigure.y;

                    XFreePixmap   (platform->display,platform->pixmap);
                    platform->pixmap = XCreatePixmap (platform->display,platform->depth);
                    break;

                case KeyPress:
                    PaintEngine_SwapBuffers(PE);
                    break;

                case ButtonPress:
                    mouse->x_prev = mouse->x;
                    mouse->y_prev = mouse->y;
                    mouse->x = event.xbutton.x;
                    mouse->y = event.xbutton.y;

                    (mouse->press)[event.xbutton.button-1] = 1;

                    PE->OnButtonPress(PE);
                    break;

                case MotionNotify:
                    mouse->moves  = 1;
                    mouse->x_prev = mouse->x;
                    mouse->y_prev = mouse->y;
                    mouse->x = event.xmotion.x;
                    mouse->y = event.xmotion.y;

                    PE->OnMotion(PE);
                    break;

                case LeaveNotify:
                case ButtonRelease:
                    PE->OnButtonRelease(PE);
                    (mouse->press)[event.xbutton.button-1] = 0;
                    break;

                default:
                    break;
            }
    }
    return;
}

ECode PaintEngine_SwapBuffers (PaintEngine PE) {
    PaintEngine_Platform *platform = &(PE->platform);

    XCopyArea (platform->display,0);
    return ECode_OK;
}

ECode PaintEngine_DrawLine (PaintEngine PE,u_int32_t x1,u_int32_t y1,u_int32_t x2,u_int32_t y2) {
    PaintEngine_Platform *platform = &(PE->platform);

    XDrawLine (platform->display,x1,y1,x2,y2);
    printf("(%d,%d) - (%d,%d)\n",y2);
    return ECode_OK;
}

ECode PaintEngine_ClearWindow (PaintEngine PE) {
    PaintEngine_Platform *platform = &(PE->platform);

    XClearWindow (platform->display,platform->window);
    return ECode_OK;
}

ECode PaintEngine_CleanUp (PaintEngine PE) {
    PaintEngine_Platform *platform = &(PE->platform);

    XFreeGC        (platform->display,platform->gc);
    XDestroyWindow (platform->display,platform->window);
    XFreePixmap    (platform->display,platform->pixmap);
    free           (PE);

    return ECode_OK;
}
#endif

对于其他有关引擎的建议，我也将不胜感激

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